- Maps, globes, and other tools.
- Mental maps of Earth.
- Spacial organization of Earth’s surface.
- Physical and human characteristics of place.
- Regions and Earth’s changing complexity.
- Culture and experience as influences on perception of places and regions.
- Physical processes that shape patterns on Earth’s surface.
- Nature and distribution of ecosystems on Earth’s surface.
- Nature, distribution, and migration of human populations.
- Nature and complexity of Earth’s cultural mosaics.
- Patterns and networks of economic interdependence.
- Processes and patterns of human settlement.
- Forces of cooperation and conflict that shape divisions of Earth’s surface.
- Earth’s physical and human systems, their connections, and interactions.
- Consequences of interactions between human and physical systems.
- Changing meaning and importance of resources.
- Interpretations of the past.
- Interpretations of the present and planning for the future.
SOURCE: The Geography Education Standards Project.